Cover
Title Page
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Essentials of global health
1. Summary of key points
2. Evolution and concept of global health
3. The Concept of global health
4. Key global health concepts
5. Defining features of global health
6. Global versus international health
7. Significance of global health in today’s world
8. Discussion points
9. REFERENCES
10. FURTHER READING
2 Globalization, infectious diseases, and global health
1. Summary of key points
2. Epidemiological transition
3. The second epidemiological transition: Age of Receding Pandemics
4. The concept of globalization
5. Evolution and features of globalization
6. Disease and human history
7. Emerging and re‐emerging infectious diseases
8. World trade and global health
9. Effects of globalization on health
10. Health challenges due to globalization
11. Global action and strategies
12. Discussion points
13. REFERENCES
14. FURTHER READING
3 Noncommunicable diseases
1. Summary of key points
2. The Concept of noncommunicable diseases
3. Types of noncommunicable diseases
4. Noncommunicable disease risk factors
5. Challenges of noncommunicable disease prevention and control
6. Global strategies and action
7. Discussion points
8. REFERENCES
9. FURTHER READING
4 Global burden of disease and measurement
1. Summary of key points
2. Health and disease
3. Social determinants of health
4. Key health status indicators
5. The concept of global burden of disease
6. Indicators for measuring global burden of disease
7. Rationale for measuring global burden of disease
8. Patterns of global disease distribution
9. Global burden of disease measurement challenges
10. Global action and strategies
11. Discussion points
12. REFERENCES
13. FURTHER READING
5 Culture, behavior, and global health
1. Summary of key points
2. The concept of culture
3. Significance of culture to health
4. Perceptions of health, illness, and disease
5. Cultural practices that affect health
6. Theories of health behavior
7. Cultural competency skills for global health
8. Health behavior challenges
9. Global action and strategies
10. Discussion points
11. REFERENCES
12. FURTHER READING
6 Water, sanitation, and global health
1. Summary of key points
2. Key water and sanitation terms
3. Water and sanitation‐related diseases
4. Women, water, and sanitation
5. Effects of unsafe water and poor sanitation on global health
6. Investing in safe water supply and sanitation
7. Global water and sanitation coverage and progress
8. Global water and sanitation challenges
9. Global action and strategies
10. Discussion points
11. REFERENCES
12. FURTHER READING
7 Global hunger, nutrition, and food security
1. Summary of key points
2. Global hunger and malnutrition
3. Key concepts related to hunger and malnutrition
4. Micronutrient deficiencies
5. Global burden of hunger and malnutrition
6. Food security
7. Measuring hunger and nutritional status
8. Global challenges of hunger, malnutrition, and food security
9. Global action and strategies
10. Discussion points
11. REFERENCES
12. FURTHER READING
8 Global health and human rights
1. Summary of key points
2. The Concept of human rights
3. International and regional human rights instruments
4. The right to health
5. The right to health and special populations
6. Global and national obligations towards the right to health
7. Challenges to the right to health
8. Global action and strategies
9. Discussion points
10. REFERENCES
11. FURTHER READING
9 Natural disasters and complex humanitarian emergencies
1. Summary of key points
2. The Concept of disaster
3. Natural disasters and complex humanitarian emergencies
4. Global instances of natural disasters and complex humanitarian emergencies
5. Global impact of natural disasters and complex humanitarian emergencies
6. Managing natural disasters and complex humanitarian emergencies
7. Natural disasters and complex humanitarian emergencies management challenges
8. Global action and strategies
9. Discussion points
10. REFERENCES
11. FURTHER READING
10 Gender and global sexual and reproductive health
1. Summary of key points
2. Gender versus sex
3. Gender roles and gender power relations
4. Concepts of sexual and reproductive health
5. Reproductive ill health and global disease burden
6. Unsafe abortion
7. Gender‐based violence
8. Family planning
9. Sexually transmitted diseases
10. Sexual and reproductive health challenges
11. Global strategies and action for improving sexual and reproductive health
12. Discussion points
13. REFERENCES
14. FURTHER READING
11 Health systems and global health
1. Summary of key points
2. The concept of a health system
3. Health system models, goals, and building blocks
4. Health system goals and functions
5. Health system resources and management
6. Health systems in low‐ middle‐ and high‐income countries
7. Health system strengthening
8. Health system challenges
9. Global action and strategies
10. Discussion points
11. REFERENCES
12. FURTHER READING
12 Financing global health
1. Summary of key points
2. The concept of health financing
3. Functions of health financing
4. Methods of health financing
5. Health expenditure in low‐, middle‐, and high‐income countries
6. Global health financing challenges
7. Global action and strategies
8. Discussion points
9. REFERENCES
10. FURTHER READING
13 Ethics in global health research, design, and practice
1. Summary of key points
2. The concept of research ethics
3. Historical background of ethics in health research
4. Global health research
5. Ethical issues in global health research in resource‐poor settings
6. Controversies and challenges in global health research
7. Global action and strategies
8. Discussion points
9. REFERENCES
10. FURTHER READING
14 Health‐related millennium development goals and global health
1. Summary of key points
2. Health‐related Millennium Development Goals targets and indicators
3. Health‐related MDG progress
4. Critique of the health‐related MDGs
5. Health‐related MDG challenges
6. Global action and strategies
7. Post MDGs
8. Discussion points
9. REFERENCES
10. FURTHER READING
15 Global health partnerships and governance
1. Summary of key points
2. The Concept of global health partnerships
3. Purpose and benefits of global health partnerships
4. Characteristics of good global health partnerships
5. Focus of global health partnerships
6. Actors and funders of global health partnerships
7. Successes of global health partnerships
8. The concept of global health governance
9. Challenges of global health partnerships and governance
10. Global action and strategies
11. Discussion points
12. REFERENCES
13. FURTHER READING
16 Evaluating global health projects
1. Summary of key points
2. The concept of evaluation
3. Key evaluation concepts
4. Rationale for evaluating global health projects
5. Program evaluation framework
6. Program evaluation standards
7. Types of evaluation
8. Logic model and evaluation plan design
9. Real‐world evaluation challenges
10. Global action and strategies
11. Discussion points
12. REFERENCES
13. FURTHER READING
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 01
1. Table 1.1 Differences between global health and international health.
Chapter 03
1. Table 3.1 Interpreting BMI in adults 20 years and older.
Chapter 04
1. Table 4.1 Global infant mortality rate by country in 2015.
Chapter 05
1. Table 5.1 Cultural explanations of causes of disease and illness.
2. Table 5.2 Core constructs of the HBM model.
Chapter 06
1. Table 6.1 Water‐ and sanitation‐related diseases.
Chapter 07
1. Table 7.1 Number of children under age five who are moderately or severely wasted.
Chapter 14
1. Table 14.1 Reduce child mortality (MDG4) targets and indicators.
2. Table 14.2 Improve maternal health (MDG5) targets and indicators.
3. Table 14.3 HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases (MDG6) targets and indicators.
Chapter 15
1. Table 15.1 Major actors in global health partnerships.
2. Table 15.2 Major Funders of Global Health Partnerships.
3. Table 15.3 Distribution of GHPs by Disease.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01
1. Figure 1.1 Health‐related fields prior to global health.
2. Figure 1.2 Map showing European colonization of Africa.
3. Figure 1.3 WHO regions.
Chapter 02
1. Figure 2.1 The epidemiological transition.
2. Figure 2.2 Ebola outbreaks, cases, and deaths.
Chapter 03
1. Figure 3.1 Cancer metastasis.
2. Figure 3.2 Global childhood pneumonia deaths.
3. Figure 3.3 Functions of the brain.
4. Figure 3.4 Types of tobacco.
5. Figure 3.5 Health risks associated with tobacco use.
6. Figure 3.6 Health risks associated with smoking.
7. Figure 3.7 Calculating BMI.
8. Figure 3.8 BMI numbers interpretation for a 10‐year‐old boy.
Chapter 04
1. Figure 4.1 Countries with the highest neonatal deaths in 2015.
2. Figure 4.2 Global causes of neonatal deaths (2000–2013).
3. Figure 4.3 Causes of death among children under five years, 2015.
4. Figure 4.4 Causes of maternal deaths.
5. Figure 4.5 Explanation and computation of DALY.
6. Figure 4.6 Burden of disease by country income level.
7. Figure 4.7 Global burden of disease distributed by age for both sexes, 2013.
8. Figure 4.8 Global burden of disease distributed by sex, 2013.
Chapter 06
1. Figure 6.1 Improved water sources. (a) Bore hole with Afridev pump. (b) Borehole with Nira pump. (c) Rainwater catchment system. (d) Spring system.
2. Figure 6.2 Unimproved water sources. (a) Pond and (b) well with no cover.
3. Figure 6.3 Improved sanitation facilities. (a) Water closet. (b) Pour‐flush system. (c) Improved pit latrine.
4. Figure 6.4 Unimproved sanitation facilities. (a) Bucket latrine. (b) Pit latrine.
5. Figure 6.5 The “F” diagram.
6. Figure 6.6 Global water coverage, 1990–2015.
7. Figure 6.7 Global sanitation coverage, 1990–2015.
Chapter 07
1. Figure 7.1 Chronic malnutrition: The window of opportunity.
Chapter 09
1. Figure 9.1 The economic and human impact of disasters from 2005 to 2014.
2. Figure 9.2 The top 10 countries with the most disasters from 2005 to 2014.
3. Figure 9.3 Disaster management cycle.
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Global map showing regional prevalence of rates of intimate partner violence by WHO region, 2010.
2. Figure 10.2 Discharge from (a) the cervix and (b) the penis due to chlamydia.
3. Figure 10.3 Gonorrhea discharge from (a) penis and (b) vagina.
4. Figure 10.4 Primary stage syphilis on (a) the vagina and (b) the penis.
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 The World Health Organization health system framework.
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 Health focus areas for development assistance for health, 1990–2015.
2. Figure 12.2 Development assistance for health by focus region, 1990–2011.
3. Figure 12.3 Top ten country recipients of DAH by channel of assistance, 2009–2011.
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 Process for obtaining informed consent.
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1 Global causes of childhood deaths in 2010.
2. Figure 14.2 Causes of maternal deaths worldwide.
3. Figure 14.3 The sustainable development goals.
Chapter 16
1. Figure 16.1 Program evaluation framework.
2. Figure 16.2 Types of evaluation.
3. Figure 16.3 Sample logic model template.

Pages

This edition first published 2017
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Armstrong‐Mensah, Elizabeth A., author.
Title: Lecture notes. Global health : issues, challenges and global action/Elizabeth A. Armstrong‐Mensah.
Other titles: Global health : issues, challenges and global action
Description: Chichester, West Sussex ; Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016047330 | ISBN 9781119110217 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781119110231 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781119110224 (ePub)
Subjects: | MESH: Global Health | Cost of Illness | Environmental Health
Classification: LCC RA441 | NLM WA 530.1 | DDC 362.1–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016047330

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Preface

Global health is an emerging interdisciplinary field of study, research, and practice whose scope, objectives, resources, and training requirements remain unclear to many. While it is now more apparent that we live in an increasingly globalized interconnected world, where countries and organizations form partnerships to address the host of health issues that confront the world, the lines of demarcation between what pertains and relates to the domains of international and global health unfortunately remain unclear to some. What is unsettling is how some consider global health as no different from that of international health; the health‐related field the world focused on prior to global health. International health and global health share a few things in common, but they are very different in many respects. An understanding of these differences sets one on the path to knowing what global health is and what it is not, as well as its goals and required skill sets.

With this misconception and death of information comes the need for dialogue and literature to shed more light on this burgeoning field. Hence the authoring of this book. A global health textbook should contain a wide enough range of relevant topics with sufficient depth to provide a solid foundation and knowledge of the field. It should also adequately focus on the challenges posed by the global health issues they discuss and the global actions and strategies in place to address them. Global Health – Issues, Challenges, and Global Action does just that. It provides an appropriate mix and range of global health topics in one volume, with sufficient depth to provide clarity and a good grounding in the field. This book presents and clarifies the concept of global health, defines its scope, and shows how different it is from international health. It additionally introduces readers to key global health concepts and pertinent global health issues that confront both developed and developing countries. Using a multidisciplinary approach, the book further reveals the critical links between health, disease, and socioeconomic development, as well as the global efforts under way to address the global health issues and challenges it discusses.

Global Health – Issues, Challenges, and Global Action is intended as an introductory text in global health and is based on first‐hand global health issues I personally observed and experienced after over 20 years in the developing world, and over 15 years in the developed. It is also the result of undergraduate and graduate courses I taught at Emory University, Morehouse School of Medicine, and Georgia State University. It is hoped that the book will increase the global health knowledge base and skills of under graduate and graduate students who may or may not have taken a course in global health, and for faculty and practitioners of global health as they pursue careers in global health practice, education, and research.

The book comprises 16 interrelated chapters. Chapter one, which is essentials of global health outlines the features of global health, shows how it is different from international health, and why it is a relevant field of study in current times. Chapters two and three discuss the effects of globalization on global health and noncommunicable diseases. Chapter four focuses on the global burden of disease, chapter five on culture, behavior, and global health, and chapter six on water, sanitation and global health. Chapter seven presents information on global hunger, nutrition, and food security, and chapter eight features human rights and how they relate to global health. Chapters nine and ten deal with natural disasters and complex humanitarian emergencies, and gender, sexual and reproductive health. In chapters eleven and twelve, health systems and health systems financing are discussed followed by ethics in global health research in chapter thirteen. The last three chapters focus on the just ended United Nations Millennium Development Goals and their impact on global health, global health partnerships and governance, and evaluating global health projects.

Elizabeth A. Armstrong‐Mensah

Issues, Challenges, and Global Action

Lecture Notes