Ramesh K. Agarwal

Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Kevin L. Anderson

Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Mechanical Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

David Angland

Faculty of Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

Alfred J. Bedard Jr.

Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Physical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA

Mike Bennett

Centre for Aviation, Transport and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

Gaudy M. Bezos-O'Connor

NASA LaRC, Hampton, VA, USA

Cees Bil

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Bilal M.M. Bomani

NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

Alice Bows-Larkin

Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Mechanical Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

D. Douglas Boyd

NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA

Peter Braesicke

Chemistry Department, NCAS Climate, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Simon I. Briceno

Aerospace Systems Design Laboratory, The Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering,Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

Rachel Burbidge

EUROCONTROL, Brussels, Belgium

Imon Chakraborty

Aerospace Systems Design Laboratory, The Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

Jeffrey D. Crouch

Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Seattle, WA, USA

Oliver Dessens

Centre for Atmospheric Science, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK

Graham Dorrington

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Lynnette M. Dray

UCL Energy Institute, University College London, London, UK

Wenbo Du

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

Antony D. Evans

UCL Energy Institute, University College London, London, UK

Peter Frederic

Tecolote Research, Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, USA

Joshua E. Freeh

NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

Astrid Gühnemann

Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Elena Garcia

Aerospace Systems Design Laboratory, The Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

Alessandro Gardi

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

François A. Garnier

Physics and Instrumentation Department, ONERA, Châtillon, France

Klaus M. Gierens

Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany

James Gill

Faculty of Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

Susan A. Gorton

NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA

Jonathan Hart

Rolls-Royce plc, Derby, UK

Robert C. Hendricks

NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

Paul D. Hooper

Center for Aviation, Transport and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

Ken I. Hume

Center for Aviation, Transport and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

Dawn C. Jegley

NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA

Wayne Johnson

NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA, USA

Marcus O. Köhler

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

Trevor Kistan

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Lee W. Kohlman

NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

Craig Lawson

Centre for Aeronautics, School of Aerospace Manufacturing and Transport, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK

David S. Lee

Dalton Research Institute, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

John C. Lin

NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA

Mujeeb R. Malik

NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA

Sarah L. Mander

Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Mechanical Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

Matthew Marino

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Joaquim R.R.A Martins

Aerospace Engineering Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Janet A. Maughan

Center for Aviation, Transport and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

Dimitri N. Mavris

Aerospace Systems Design Laboratory, The Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

Michael McCune

Division of UTC, Pratt & Whitney, East Hartford, CT, USA

Philippe J. Mirabel

Surfaces et Procédés pour la Catalyse, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire des Matériaux, Strasbourg, France

Adrian Mouritz

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Craig Nickol

NASA LaRC, Hampton, VA, USA

Bethan Owen

Dalton Research Institute, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

Daniel E. Paxson

Communications and Intelligent Systems Division, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

Alexia P. Payan

Aerospace Systems Design Laboratory, The Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

H. Douglas Perkins

Propulsion Division, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

Christopher A. Perullo

Aerospace Systems Design Laboratory, The Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

Clément Pornet

Bauhaus Luftfahrt, Munich, Germany

Subramanian Ramasamy

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Dave Raper

Centre for Aviation, Transport and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

Tom G. Reynolds

Air Traffic Control Systems Group, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, USA

Carl R. Russell

NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA, USA

Roberto Sabatini

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

William S. Saric

Department of Aerospace Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

Thomas W. Schlatter

Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA

Jeff S. Schutte

Aerospace Systems Design Laboratory, The Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

Ravinka Seresinhe

Centre for Aeronautics, School of Aerospace Manufacturing and Transport, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK

William Sheridan

Division of UTC, Pratt & Whitney, East Hartford, CT, USA

Keith P. Shine

Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK

Wei Shyy

Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P. R. China

Christopher A. Snyder

NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

Aleksandar Subic

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Callum S. Thomas

Center for Aviation, Transport and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

Egbert Torenbeek

Department of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

Michael B. Traut

Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Mechanical Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

David R. Trawick

Aerospace Systems Design Laboratory, The Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

Xavier P. Vancassel

Physics and Instrumentation Department, ONERA, Châtillon, France

Alexander Velicki

The Boeing Company, Huntington Beach, CA, USA

Zia Wadud

Institute for Transport Studies and Centre for Integrated Energy Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Chun Wang

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Edward A. Whalen

Boeing Research & Technology, Hazelwood, MO, USA

John Whurr

Rolls-Royce plc, Derby, UK

Michael Winter

Division of UTC, Pratt & Whitney, East Hartford, CT, USA

F. Ruth Wood

Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Mechanical Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

Nansi Xue

Zee.Aero, Mountain View, CA, USA

Gloria K. Yamauchi

NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA, USA

Larry A. Young

NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA, USA

Dale E. Van Zante

Acoustics Branch, Propulsion Division, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

Xin Zhang

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China

When our respective predecessors introduced the Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering, they called it an ambitious effort to meet the challenge of distilling the collective body of aerospace engineering knowledge into a single cohesive reference framework.

The ambition and challenge inherent in this effort derives in part from the relatively short time span the aerospace discipline has existed as well as the dynamic technology-driven discipline it is. Since the publication of the first volume in 2010, new technologies have developed and matured, new technical challenges have emerged and have been confronted, and the resulting experience and knowledge must be incorporated into the professional body of knowledge. A prime example of this is the emergence and maturation of green aviation technologies.

The growing awareness of our responsibilities to preserve our planet and its environment for future generations is evident from increased media attention, the growth of noise and emissions management as drivers for our design engineers and mission planners, and the passionate views of our young people. In addition to being good corporate citizens by sincerely endeavoring to “go greener,” in a time of global economic uncertainly, it makes good business sense to fly aircraft and rotorcraft as efficiently as possible. In short, we as an industry can do good and do well at the same time.

As a field that is both quickly expanding and becoming ever more complex, we welcome this addition to the Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering as both timely and comprehensive. Mirroring the character of the parent publication, this handbook is multidisciplinary and multinational; however, this supplementary publication meets the particular need to capture the risks and mitigation strategies associated with the topical and important environmental aspects of aviation.

From aerodynamics and propulsion to systems and operations and from noise mitigation to atmosphere and climate science, this volume is an essential primer for new and experienced aerospace professionals alike. It will also most certainly be of interest to the larger scientific community, whose members are trying to better understand the past, current, and future effects of aviation on the environment.

The year 2016 marks both the 150th anniversary of the Royal Aeronautical Society (RAeS) and the 85th anniversary of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). With a combined membership of more than 50 000 aerospace professionals, our two organizations celebrate these milestones, and our members' never-ending quest for knowledge and solutions is not just to the problems and challenges of today but also of the next impossible thing.

It can be easy to imagine that the level of innovation of today cannot match the pioneering work predating heavier-than-air flight and of the subsequent early years of aviation: yet today we service an industry that underpins the global economy; leads the world in safety; invests enormous sums in product development; and solves a vast array of interconnected technological challenges. These factors make the contributions of today's innovators as important, inspirational, and intriguing as they were 150 years ago. We particularly applaud those whose efforts to understand and manage the environmental impact of aviation are essential for the continued health and well-being of both our industry and our global society.

Aerospace makes the world safer, more connected, more accessible, and more prosperous. It is our hope that the addition of this volume to the Encyclopedia continues this trend and is as professionally valuable and influential to its readers – and the industry – as were the first nine volumes.

We are proud, jointly, to commend to you this new contribution to the aerospace engineering body of knowledge.

Mr. James Maser

President, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Vice President, Operations Program Management, Pratt & Whitney, East Hartford, CT, USA
and

Dr. Chris Atkin

President, Royal Aeronautical Society and Professor of Aeronautical Engineering,City University London, UK

The Wiley Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering in printed and electronic formats provided knowledge to all disciplines of the aerospace industry in a series of “learned” chapters. It has continued to do that successfully since its publication. This knowledge was principally applicable to aerospace systems currently in operation or in development. Built upon this extensive and comprehensive list of chapters, the Editors decided that further coverage of selected topical areas of emerging importance can further serve the community's interests. The present volume intends to address opportunities, challenges, and technical issues related to aerospace emissions, environment, and green aviation.

The discussion and debate on this issue has grown steadily over the years, and it is clear that there is no universal agreement. Does the aerospace industry in general pollute the environment to a detrimental extent and if so by what mechanisms? More importantly, can the effect be measured, the impact predicted with certainty, and what can be done about it? The debate has been conducted in the press, in textbooks, in the political arena, and in journals. In so doing, a set of polarized views has emerged, and it is difficult to separate scientific and popular viewpoints, objective and vested opinions, and serious and provocative statements. Who is right and who is wrong, in fact is there a right and wrong?

This volume has been developed with the goal of providing informed assistance to achieving an understanding of the issues in hand. It is a collection of chapters written by scientists, engineers, designers, and academics in order to provide a wide ranging, but also deep, understanding of many of the key topics. It is to address the interaction between aerospace and the environment and to provide information and advice to key players in the field. This includes those who directly contribute to the development of new aircraft and infrastructure – engineers, designers, operators, maintainers, and regulators as well as those who have the capability to influence that development such as policy makers, decision makers, planners, politicians, and journalists.

The range of topics is wide, covering innovative aircraft and engine designs, aerodynamics and propulsion, aircraft operations and air traffic management, alternative fuels, lightweight high-strength materials, onboard auxiliary power units, noise reduction technologies, nonconventional aircraft (electric, solar, hydrogen), and so on, but are directly relevant to the issue, and have been written by the authors with pertinent and solid experience. As far as possible, the chapters are factual and objective – this is not a forum for personal opinion or speculation. It is intended to stimulate discussion and to encourage debate.

We expect that with the publication of this volume as part of a comprehensive Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering, more exchanges and collaborations will take place to advance new concepts and practices, and in due time, the convenience and pleasure of flight will be offered in an increasingly more sustainable manner.

Ramesh Agarwal

The William Palm Professor of Engineering Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA

Fayette Collier

NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA

Andreas Schäfer

UCL Energy Institute, London, UK
and

Allan Seabridge

Independent Aerospace Consultant, Lytham St. Annes, UK