Making an organization innovative is not a simple problem, but it seems that keeping it the same is even more complex. In line with the work of C.M. Christensen [CHR 00], we consider the significant risk for the company of locking itself into routines, which constitutes a dilemma for innovation. At the enterprise level, all individuals and sources employed contribute to the production of innovations, as defined by the network actor theory [LAT 05], but it is good to introduce novelty into the system to make it evolve. Improving the observation processes that aim to react to changes in the company’s environment is an important issue, shared by all its stakeholders. The same must apply to activities that generate new ideas and translate them into useful productions. The flow of information, knowledge and ideas should not be too linear, and at times follow erratic and chaotic paths, in a positive sense close to a liberation, an unexpected creation and not the increase of a more important disorder within the processes of the organization (except possibly with regard to the activities specific to the ideation). The mapping and analysis of a product innovation system must be able to provide information beyond a simple understanding that can be provided by the census, the breakdown (section 2.3) and the visualization of frameworks and therefore of territories submitted and generating flows (of ideas, information, knowledge, possible solutions, resources, etc.) (section 4.4.2). It is a question of perceiving whether small flows sometimes also occur, whether traffic does not always occur via the same channels and whether the system has not become fragile under the effect of routines.

In this sense, unexpected environmental change can occur and cause acute stress within the organization. S. Cros and B. True [CRO 18] showed that routines developed within an organization for crisis resolution purposes were a very strong advantage for “classic” crises (the management of a major storm that will affect a city based on the 1999 storm model). In these cases, a crisis exercise does not cause a real state of acute stress for managers and other personnel targeted by this type of exercise. Indeed, they are often very well prepared for this type of rare, but expected, event, because it is present in recent history or is one of the cases traditionally mentioned and worked on in training. The organizational routines used are application routines, i.e. the implementation of procedures already planned. It is necessary to test the management of this type of crisis in order to know whether organizational dysfunctions appear in its management, but this cannot be enough. It is also necessary for the organization to develop routines for adapting to new and unexpected situations. As part of a crisis management exercise for a city, S. Cros and B. True [CRO 18] highlighted the emergence of acute stress in managers who could very well manage a storm, when the proposed crisis scenario was much more original, like that of an asteroid crashing into the city. This explains why Pentagon officials considered it necessary to prepare for a zombie attack on the United States [CHA 14]¹.

If, in crisis prevention and therefore crisis simulation frameworks, exercises involving a form of creativity are sometimes called for, the same should apply to innovation systems. The aim would be to anticipate and prepare for environmental changes with significant impacts in order to better react to events of an equivalent nature and thus avoid reacting by applying, in the absence of more relevant alternatives, known routines that are unsuitable for the situation at hand. For the company’s innovation system, the danger comes mainly from disruptive innovations that may appear in its activity sector. However, by definition, as a disruptive innovation, the innovation concerned will go against the habits of the sector. Both the monitoring system and the decision-makers concerned within the company may initially be blind to the emergence of disruptive innovation. As the signals and indicators of its development become more important, information about it will be widely disseminated as an already late “alert”. Nevertheless, decision-makers will only be able to become aware of the reality of this appearance with an even longer delay. If we add to this process of discovering and implementing a process of reaction to this innovation the problem of implementing innovation routines that are not adapted to the new situation, the company will have to face a global crisis situation. We presented the metaphor of air combat as a dogfight innovation space (section 1.3.2) to highlight the dangers for an organization of always acting according to the same rules. If the innovation models and processes implemented are standards, it is necessary to know in advance whether these standards allow rapid adaptation to a new situation linked to the appearance of a disruptive innovation or an equally unexpected rapid legislative change and to the negative and significant consequences.

Moreover, for an innovation system, this type of exercise to be carried out occasionally (once a year or every two years) can help to bring out ideas and solutions that are as original as they are relevant within the organization. It will not simply be a preparation for a situation that may never arise, or only an addition to the knowledge to be stored, and also an opportunity to develop a disruptive innovation internally. As with the exercises of Pentagon or S. Cros and B. True, you can find examples of creative crisis situations in the fields of science fiction and fantasy. So, if you cannot imagine, for example, a disruptive technology, you can replace it with something magical or super-innovative (at least 20 years ahead of its development). Here are some examples:

• – a company has just launched humanoid robots on the market which are three times stronger than an adult person, with GPS and sufficient intelligence to help anyone carry packages or furniture, clean, repair plumbing, etc.;
• – by next month, shoes that allow people to move effortlessly, using air cushions, at a speed of 8 km/h, will be sold online;
• – a headset for exchanging information by telepathy at a distance of 2 km has just been presented in a trade show;
• – a new form of hypnosis allows any person to effortlessly memorize the equivalent of two hours of lectures in just 10 minutes;
• – the US government will ban the sale of all products with plastic or wood components starting next year.

You can always use a creativity session to imagine the main elements leading to the sudden appearance of a disruptive innovation in one of the markets close to those of your company or institution. The important thing, as we have discussed throughout this book, is to ensure that a form of organizational agility takes place in your innovation processes. As, for example, K. Ashton clearly stated [ASH 16, pp. 246–247], it is necessary to “place action above speech, to discuss less, to plan less and to try different approaches many times, to show more than to organize.”

1. [ACA 18] ACADEMIE FRANÇAISE, Dictionnaire de l’Académie française, 9th edition, available at: http://www.academie-francaise.fr/le-dictionnaire/la-9e-edition, 2018.
2. [ACK 89] ACKOFF R.L., “From data to wisdom”, Journal of Applied Systems Analysis, vol. 16, pp. 3–9, 1989.
3. [AFN 98] AFNOR, “La norme XP X50-053. Prestation de veille et mise en place d’un système de veille”, in HERMEL L. (ed.), Maîtriser et pratiquer la veille stratégique, AFNOR, Paris, 1998.
4. [AGA 07] AGARWAL A., SHANKAR R., TIWAR M.K., “Modeling agility of supply chain”, Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 443–457, 2007.
5. [AHM 12] AHMAD W., Contribution à une meilleure maîtrise des processus créatifs en co-conception: cas de l’ameublement en architecture, PhD thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012.
6. [ALT 04] ALTSHULLER G., 40 principes d’innovation: TRIZ pour toutes applications, Éditions A. Seredinski, Paris, 2004.
7. [ALT 06] ALTSHULLER G., Et soudain apparut l’inventeur: les idées de TRIZ, Éditions A. Seredinski, Paris, 2006.
8. [AMA 88] AMABILE T., “A model of creativity and innovation in organizations”, Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 10, pp. 123–167, 1988.
9. [ANZ 81] ANZIEU D., Le corps de l’oeuvre, Gallimard, Paris, 1981.
10. [ARG 94] ARGYRIS C., “Good communication that blocks learning”, Harvard Business Review, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 77–85, 1994.
11. [ASH 16] ASHTON K., Comment faire voler un cheval? L’histoire secrète de la création, l’invention et la découverte, De Boeck supérieur, Louvain-la-Neuve, 2016.
12. [ASS 10] ASSELINEAU A., “Quand un ‘cas d’école’ d’innovation stratégique est un échec...”, Revue française de gestion, vol. 4, pp. 71–83, 2010.
13. [BAR 88] BARRON F., “Putting creativity to work”, in STERNBERG R.J. (ed.), Nature of Creativity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 76-98, 1988.
14. [BAR 98] BARTHELMÉ F., ERMINE J.L., ROSENTHAL-SABROUX C., “An architecture for knowledge evolution in organisations”, European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 414–427, 1998.
15. [BAR 01] BARKI H., PINSONNEAULT A., “Small group brainstorming and idea quality: is electronic brainstorming the most effective approach?”, Small Group Research, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 158–205, 2001.
16. [BAR 13] BARBIER J.Y., VIALA C., “Les apports de l'intrapreneuriat à la modélisation de la créativité organisationnelle”, Humanisme et Entreprise, vol. 3, pp. 65–86, 2013.
17. [BAS 17] BASES, “Entre outils gratuits et outils payants, quelles nouvelles méthodes efficaces de veille et de recherche sur le Web visible et invisible?”, Bases, vol. 347, pp. 5–7, 2017.
18. [BÉG 07] BEGUIN P., “Innovation et cadre sociocognitif des interactions concepteurs-opérateurs: une approche développementale”, Le Travail Humain, vol. 70, pp. 369–390, 2007.
19. [BEH 12] BEHUE J., “Généalogie de l’innovateur”, Annales des Mines – Gérer et comprendre, vol. 4, pp. 34–42, 2012.
20. [BEL 00] BELLENGER L., COUCHAERE M.-J., Les techniques de questionnement: poser et se poser les bonnes questions, ESF Éditeur, Issy-les-Moulineaux, 2000.
21. [BEN 98] BENYUS M.J., Biomimétisme: Quand la nature inspire des innovations durables, Éditions Rue de l’Échiquier, Paris, 1998.
22. [BEN 16] BENDER J., “The Pentagon has an actual plan for the zombie apocalypse”, Business Insider France, 2016.
23. [BER 99] BERTIN J., Sémiologie graphique: Les diagrammes – Les réseaux – Les cartes, Éditions Gauthiers-Villars, Paris, 1999.
24. [BER 10] BERSANO G., Créer Le Futur Avec Triz Et L'Innovation Systématique, Marston Gate, 2010.
25. [BOD 96] BODEN M., Dimension of Creativity, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1996.
26. [BON 87] DE BONO E., Lateral Thinking for Management, Penguin Books, London, 1987.
27. [BON 13] DE BONO E., La boîte à outils de la créativité, Eyrolles, Paris, 2013.
28. [BOU 13] BOUTILLIER S., UZINIDIS D., “Entrepreneurs historiques de l’industrie du luxe et innovation permanente”, Innovations, vol. 2, pp. 91–115, 2013.
29. [BOY 17] BOYER C., “Les 20 qualités qui séduisent le plus les recruteurs”, Les Échos Start, 2017, available at: https://start.lesechos.fr/rejoindre-une-entreprise/ actu-recrutement/les-20-qualites-qui-seduisent-le-plus-les-recruteurs-7434.php.
30. [BRA 58] BRADDOCK R., “An extension of the “Lasswell formula”, Journal of Communication, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 88–93, 1958.
31. [BRE 96] BRETON P., L’argumentation dans la communication, La Découverte, Paris, 1996.
32. [BRI 04] BRIN C., CHARRON J., DE BONVILLE J., Nature et transformation du journalisme: théorie et recherches empiriques, Presses Université Laval, Laval, 2004.
33. [BRI 17a] BRION S., MOTHE C., “Le contexte organisationnel favorable à l’innovation ambidextre”, Revue française de gestion, vol. 3, pp. 101–115, 2017.
34. [BRI 17b] BRITTON G., Co-design and Social Innovation: Connections, Tensions and Opportunities, Routledge, Abingdon-on-Thames, 2017.
35. [BRO 09] BROWN T., Change by Design. How Design Thinking Transforms Organizations and Inspires Innovation, Harper Business, New York, 2009.
36. [BRO 15] BROCA S., CORIAT B., “Le logiciel libre et les communs: deux formes de résistance et d’alternative à l’exclusivisme propriétaire”, Revue internationale de droit économique, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 265–284, 2015.
37. [BRU 91] BRUNER J., “The narrative construction of reality”, Critical Inquiry, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1–21, 1991.
38. [BRU 15] BRUNET L., “Créativité en ingénierie”, Techniques de l’ingénieur, pp. 1–17, 10 January 2015.
39. [BUR 13] BURGER-HELMCHEN T., “La créativité entre innovation et connaissances”, Économie et Management, vol. 148, pp. 5–10, 2013.
40. [BUZ 74] BUZAN T., Use Both Sides of Your Brain, E.P. Dutton & Company, Inc. 1974.
41. [BUZ 10] BUZAN T., BUZAN B., HARRISON J., The Mind Map Book: Unlock Your Creativity, Boost Your Memory, Change Your Life, Pearson BBC Active, New York, 2010.
42. [CAH 02] CAHOUR B., “Décalages socio-cognitifs en réunions de conception participative”, Le travail humain, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 315–337, 2002.
43. [CAL 06] CALLON M., “Sociologie de l’acteur réseau”, in AKRICH M., CALLON M., LATOUR B. (eds), Sociologie de la traduction: textes fondateurs, pp. 267–276, Presses des Mines, Paris, 2006.
44. [CAN 17] CANET F., “La veille ordinaire en ligne: une pratique informationnelle en émergence”, I2D – Information, données & documents, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 70–79, 2017.
45. [CAR 11] CARRIER C., CADIEUX L., TREMBLAY M., “Créativité et génération collective d’opportunités. Quelles techniques pour supporter l’idéation?”, Revue française de gestion, vol. 7, no. 206, pp. 113–127, 2011.
46. [CAT 07] CATRY B., “Le luxe peut être cher, mais est-il toujours rare?”, Revue française de gestion, vol. 2, pp. 49–63, 2007.
47. [CAV 99] CAVALLUCCI D., “L’entreprise industrielle”, Techniques de l’ingénieur, vol. 2, pp. 1–18, 1999.
48. [CHA 13] CHASSAGNON V., HANED N., “Comment stimuler des projets d’innovation environnementale?”, Gestion, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 45–53, 2013.
49. [CHA 14] CHAUVET A., “Le Pentagone a un (vrai) plan en cas d’attaque de zombies”, 20 minutes, available at: https://www.20minutes.fr/insolite/1375113-20140514-pentagone-vrai-plan-cas-attaque-zombies, 2014.
50. [CHE 03] CHESBROUGH H., Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology, Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation, Brighton, 2003.
51. [CHE 09] CHEN C.J., HUANG J.W., “Strategic human resource practices and innovation performance – The mediating role of knowledge management capacity”, Journal of Business Research, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 104–114, 2009.
52. [CHO 83] CHOFFRAY J.-M., DOREY F., Développement et gestion des produits nouveaux, concepts, méthodes et applications, McGraw-Hill, Paris, 1983.
53. [CHR 00] CHRISTENSEN C.M., The Innovator’s Dilemna, HarperCollins, New York, 2000.
54. [CHR 01] CHRISTIE A., Cinq heures vingt-cinq, Le Livre de Poche, Paris, 2001.
55. [CHR 12] CHRISTIE A., La Mystérieuse affaire de Styles, Le Masque, Paris, 2012.
56. [CIT 12] CITTONN Y., “Traiter les données: entre économie de l’attention et mycélium de la signification”, Multitudes, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 143–149, 2012.
57. [COL 13] COLAS R., Comment, par l’écoute, améliorer la compétitivité de votre entreprise?, Société des écrivains, Paris, 2013.
58. [COL 14] COLLET L., “Dispositif discursif visant l’énonciation d’idées nouvelles en innovation : les règles d’écriture des récits d’usage”, Cahiers de Narratologie. Analyse et théorie narratives, no. 26, 2014.
59. [COL 16] COLLINS K., Nature of Investing: Resilient Investment Strategies through Biomimicry, Bibliomotion, Brookline, 2016.
60. [COM 18] COMI A., WHYTE J., “Future making and visual artefacts: an ethnographic study of a design project”, Organization Studies, vol. 39, no. 8, pp. 1055–83, 2018.
61. [COR 02] CORAM R., BOYD: The Fighter Pilot Who Changed the Art of War, Back Bay Books, New York, 2002.
62. [COR 12] CORBEL J.C., Management de projet: fondamentaux, méthodes, outils, Eyrolles, Paris, 2012.
63. [CRO 18] CROS S., VRAIE B., “De l’intérêt des serious games comme méthode de restitution des apprentissages, sous stress aigu, en crise”, Management & Avenir, vol. 4, pp. 51–66, 2018.
64. [DAR 96] DARSES F., FALZON P., “La conception collective: une approche de l’ergonomie cognitive”, Coopération et conception, pp. 123–135, 1996.
65. [DAV 01] DAVENPORT T.H., BECK J.C., The Attention Economy: Understanding The New Currency of Business, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, 2001.
66. [DAV 11] DAVIES M., “Concept mapping, mind mapping and argument mapping: what are the differences and do they matter?”, Higher Education, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 279–301, 2011.
67. [DEB 14] DEBLIQUY P.-Y., Chercher n’est pas trouver: outils, méthodes et stratégies à l’usage de ceux pour qui l’information compte, Edipro, Liège, 2014.
68. [DEG 99] DEGRYSE L., “La loi des contrastes comme principe de la créativité artistique”, Le Philosophoire, vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 129–132, 1999.
69. [DEH 15] DEHOORNE O., THENG S., “Étudier le luxe”, Études caribéennes, vol. 30, 2015.
70. [DEL 15] DELL’AQUILA I., JAOUI H., 66 techniques créatives pour animateurs et formateurs, Éditions EMS Management et Sociétés, Cormelles-Le-Royal, 2015.
71. [DEN 89] DENIS M., Image et cognition, Presses Universitaires de France, 1989.
72. [DES 11] DESCHAMPS C., MOINET N., La boîte à outils de l’intelligence économique, Dunod, Paris, 2011.
73. [DES 12] DESMARETZ G., Le renseignement humain, infiltration, recrutement, empiégeage, manipulation, trahison, Chiron, Paris, 2012.
74. [DES 13] DESMARETZ G., Le renseignement opérationnel: espionnage, criminalité, affaires réservées…, Chiron, Paris, 2013.
75. [DOU 15] DOU H., L’intelligence économique à l’heure du Jugaad: intelligence économique et innovation frugale, CreateSpace, Scotts Valley, 2015.
76. [DRE 14] DRECQ V., Pratiques de management de projet: 40 outils et techniques pour prendre la bonne décision, Dunod, Paris, 2014.
77. [DRE 17] DRECQ V., Pratiques de management de projet: 46 outils et techniques pour prendre la bonne décision, 2nd ed., Dunod, Paris, 2017.
78. [DRU 16] DRU J.-M., NEW: 15 approches disruptives de l’innovation, Pearson, Paris, 2016.
79. [DUN 45] DUNCKER K., LEES L.S., “On problem-solving”, Psychological Monographs, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. i–113, 1945.
80. [DUP 14] DUPIN P., Le lean appliqué à la construction: comment optimiser la gestion de projet et réduire coûts et délais dans le bâtiment, Eyrolles, Paris, 2014.
81. [DUR 06] DURAND R., “Créativité organisationnelle”, Revue française de gestion, vol. 161, pp. 91–94, 2006.
82. [ERM 14] ERMINE J.-L., LIEVRE P., PARAPONARIS P., GUITTARD C., “Un état francophone du champ du management des connaissances: la communauté GeCSO”, Management & Avenir, vol. 1, no. 67, pp. 56–77, 2014.
83. [EWE 09] EWENSTEIN B., WHYTE J., “Knowledge practices in design: the role of visual representations as ‘epistemic objects’”, Organization Studies, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 07–30, 2009.
84. [EYC 17] EYCHENNE Y., STRONG C., Uberisez votre entreprise: comment créer de la valeur avec les plateformes digitales?, Dunod, Paris, 2017.
85. [FAY 12] FAYON D., ALLOING C., Développer sa présence sur Internet: concevoir et déployer une stratégie sur les médias sociaux, Dunod, Paris, 2012.
86. [FEN 08] FENN J., RASKINO M., Mastering the Hype Cycle: How to Choose the Right Innovation at the Right Time, Harvard Business Press, Brighton, 2008.
87. [FER 10] FERIOLI M., DEKONINCK E., CULLEY S., ROUSSEL B., RENAUD J., “Understanding rapid evaluation of innovative ideas in early stages of design”, International Journal of Design Engineering (IJDE), vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 67–83, 2010.
88. [FER 17] FERNEZ-WALCH S., ROMON F., Management de l’innovation: de la stratégie aux projets, Vuibert, Paris, 2017.
89. [FLI 07] FLICHY P., Understanding Technological Innovation: A Socio-technical Approach, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, 2007.
90. [FOS 13] FOSTER J., The Story of Cluedo: How Anthony Pratt Invented the Game of Murder Mystery, Inventive Publishing, York, 2013.
91. [FRE 00] FRERY F., “Un cas d’amnésie stratégique: l’éternelle émergence de la voiture électrique”, Actes de la IX^e conférence internationale de management stratégique, pp. 1–18, Montpellier, France, 2000.
92. [FRO 07] FROMILHAGUE C., Les figures de style, Armand Colin, Paris, 2007.
93. [GAL 15] GALVEZ D., “Un outil pour mesurer la capacité d’innovation: l’indice d’innovation potentielle”, in CAMMARO M., BOLY V., MOREL L. (eds), Mesurer l’innovation en entreprise: un levier essentiel pour la réussite des projets innovants, Presses universitaires de Lorraine, Nancy, pp. 29–74, 2015.
94. [GAR 74] GARFIELD P., La créativité onirique: du rêve ordinaire au rêve lucide, La Table ronde, Paris, 1974.
95. [GAR 04] GARFIELD E., “Systematic serendipity: finding the undiscovered answers to science questions”, Medical Ignorance Collaboratory, 2004, available at: http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/papers/az072004.pdf.
96. [GER 05] GERONIMI A., VRIES E., PRUDHOMME G., BAILLE J., “Objets intermédiaires dans une situation de conception en technologie avec CAO au collège”, ASTER, vol. 41, pp. 115–137, 2005.
97. [GIB 12] GIBOIN B., La boîte à outils de la stratégie, Dunod, Paris, 2012.
98. [GIL 10] GILLIER T., PIAT G., ROUSSEL B., TRUCHOT P., “Managing innovation fields in a cross-industry partnership with C-K design theory”, Journal of Product Innovation Management (JPIM), vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 883–896, 2010.
99. [GIL 16] GILLET M., DE MAILLARD T., Animer une séance de créativité, Dunod, Paris, 2016.
100. [GOF 74] GOFFMAN E., Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience, Harper & Row, New York, 1974.
101. [GOF 91] GOFFMAN E., Les cadres de l’expérience, (1974), Minuit, Paris, 1991.
102. [GOF 16] GOFFIN K., MITCHELL R., Innovation Management: Effective Strategy and Implementation, Macmillan International Higher Education, London, 2016.
103. [GOO 86] GOODY J., La logique de l’écriture: aux origines des sociétés humaines, A. Colin, 1986.
104. [GOR 17] GORIA S., Methods and Tools for Creative Competitive Intelligence, ISTE Ltd., London and John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2017.
105. [GOR 19] GORIA S., “Inventory of interpretation frames as a methodological tool to analyze the elements acquired or produced during an innovation process”, Technology and innovation, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–19, 2019.
106. [GOT 17] GOTTELAND D., HAON C., BOULE J.-M., L’innovation: de l’idée au lancement, Dunod, Paris, 2017.
107. [GUI 67] GUILFORD J.P., The Nature of Human Intelligence, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967.
108. [GUI 14] GUILLOT A., MEYER J.-A., Poulpe fiction: quand l’animal inspire l’innovation, Dunod, Paris, 2014.
109. [HAR 08] HARRELL M., “No computer program required: Even pencil-and-paper argument mapping improves critical-thinking skills”, Teaching Philosophy, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 351–374, 2008.
110. [HAT 01] HATCHUEL A., “Towards design theory and expandable rationality: the unfinished program of Herbert Simon”, Journal of Management and Governance, vol. 5, nos 3–4, pp. 260–273, 2001.
111. [HAT 02] HATCHUEL A., WEIL B., “La théorie C-K: fondements et usages d’une théorie unifiée de la conception”, Colloque “Sciences de la conception”, Lyon, France, 2002.
112. [HAT 07] HATCHUEL A., WEIL B., “Design as forcing: deepening the foundations of CK theory. Guidelines for a decision support method adapted to NPD processes”, Proceedings of the international conference on engineering design, ICED’07, Paris, France, pp. 28–31, 2007.
113. [HAU 16] HAUDEVILLE B., LE BAS C., “L’innovation frugale, paradigme technologique naissant ou nouveau modèle d’innovation?”, Innovations, vol. 3, pp. 9–25, 2016.
114. [HEN 98] HENDERSON K., “The role of material objects in the design process: a comparison of two design cultures and how they contend with automation”, Science, Technology, & Human Values, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 139–74, 1998.
115. [HER 13] HERNANDEZ E.-M., REDIEN-COLLOT R., “Méthodes de créativité et amélioration des projets entrepreneuriaux: présentation d’une expérimentation dans un contexte académique”, Gestion, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 93–114, 2013.
116. [HUS 16] HUSSLER C., BURGER-HELMCHEN T., “Inversée, vous avez dit inversée? – Une typologie stratégique de l’innovation inversée”, Revue française de gestion, vol. 42, no. 255, pp. 105–119, 2016.
117. [HUT 95] HUTCHINS, E., Cognition in the Wild, MIT Press, 1995.
118. [IAN 04] IANSITI M., LEVIEN R., “Strategy as ecology”, Harvard Business Review, March issue, pp. 68–78, 2004.
119. [IBE 09] IBERT J., “Richard R. Nelson et Sidney G. Winter – La théorie évolutionniste de la firme: routines, sélection et recherche d’innovation”, in CHARREIRE S., HUAULT I. (eds), Les grands auteurs en management, Éditions EMS Management et Sociétés, Cormelles-Le-Royal, pp. 257–273, 2009.
120. [IBM 10] IBM (INSTITUTE FOR BUSINESS VALUE), “Capitalizing On complexity: Insights from the global chief executive officer study”, available at: www.ibm.com/capitalizingoncomplexity, 2010.
121. [JAK 06] JAKOBIAK F., L’intelligence économique: la comprendre, l’implanter, l’utiliser, Éditions d’Organisation, Paris, 2006.
122. [JAO 94] JAOUI H., Créatifs au quotidien. Outils et méthodes, Éditions Hommes et Perspectives, Marseille, 1994.
123. [JAO 96] JAOUI H., La créativité mode d’emploi: connaissances du problème, applications pratiques, ESF Éditeur, Issy-les-Moulineaux, 1996.
124. [JAO 08] JAOUI H., DELL’AQUILA I., 66 techniques créatives pour animateurs et formateurs, Éditions EMS Management et Sociétés, Cormelles-Le-Royal, 2008.
125. [JON 72] JONES T.P., Creative Learning Perspectives, University of London Press, London, 1972.
126. [JOU 00] JOUET J., “Retour critique sur la sociologie des usages”, Réseaux, vol. 18, no. 100, pp. 487–521, 2000.
127. [KAP 12] KAPFERER J.-N., BASTIEN V., Luxe Oblige, Eyrolles, Paris, 2012.
128. [KAT 09] KATTAN A., La réalité virtuelle immersive comme outil de représentation dans le processus de design. Application au programme INTERREG: Design dans la ville, PhD thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2009.
129. [KAW 91] KAWAKITA, J., The Original KJ Method, Kawakita Research Institute, Tokyo, 1991.
130. [KIM 08] KIM W.C., MAUBORGNE R., Stratégie océan bleu: comment créer de nouveaux espaces stratégiques, Pearson, Paris, 2008.
131. [KIM 17] KIM W.C., MAUBORGNE R., Cap sur l’océan bleu: au-delà de la concurrence, Pearson, Paris, 2017.
132. [KLI 13] KLIMCZAK E., Design for Software: A Playbook for Developers, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, 2013.
133. [KOE 89] KOESTLER A., The Act of Creation, Arkana, London, 1989.
134. [KOE 11] KOESTLER A., Le cri d’Archimède: l’art de la découverte et la découverte de l’art, Éditions Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 2011.
135. [KOR 07] KORZYBSKI, A., KOHN D., DE MOURA M. et al., Une carte n’est pas le territoire : prolégomènes aux systèmes non-aristotéliciens et à la sémantique générale, Ed. de l’Eclat. DL, Paris, 2007
136. [KU 14] KU K.Y., LAI E.C., HAU K.T., “Epistemological beliefs and the effect of authority on argument – counterargument integration: an experiment”, Thinking Skills and Creativity, vol. 13, pp. 67–79, 2014.
137. [LAC 01] LACOSTE M., “Peut-on travailler sans communiquer”, Langage et travail, pp. 21–53, 2001.
138. [LAH 85] LAHLOU S., “Le nouveau produit: un concept flou”, Consommation, vol. 3, pp. 49–56, 1985.
139. [LAS 48] LASSWELL H.D., “The structure and function of communication in society”, The Communication of Ideas, vol. 37, pp. 215–228, 1948.
140. [LAT 05] LATOUR B., Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005.
141. [LEL 10] LELONG B., GAYOSO É., “Innovation avec l’usager et plateformes collaboratives”, Réseaux, vol. 6, pp. 97–126, 2010.
142. [LER 15] LERCH C., BURGER-HELMCHEN T., “La créativité décentralisée: le cas d’une entreprise industrielle personnalisant ses produits”, Innovations, vol. 3, no. 48, pp. 107–127, 2015.
143. [LEW 01] LEWKOWICZ M., ZACKLAD M., “Rationalisation of decision-making processes in design teams with a new formalism of design rationale”, AI & Society, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 396–408, 2001.
144. [LID 11] LIDWELL W., HOLDEN K., BUTLER J., Principes universels de design, Eyrolles, Paris, 2011.
145. [LIE 10] LIEFOOGHE C., “Économie créative et développement des territoires: enjeux et perspectives de recherche”, Innovations, vol. 1, pp. 181–197, 2010.
146. [LIK 32] LIKERT R., “A technique for the measurement of attitudes”, Archives of Psychology, vol. 140, pp. 1–55, 1932.
147. [LIK 09] LIKER J.K., Le modèle Toyota: 14 principes qui feront la réussite de votre entreprise, Pearson, Paris, 2009.
148. [LOI 13] LOILLIER T., TELLIER A., Gestion de l’innovation: comprendre le processus d’innovation pour le piloter, Éditions EMS Management et Sociétés, Cormelles-Le-Royal, 2013.
149. [LOU 13] LOUP-ESCANDE É., BURKHARDT J.M., RICHIR S., “Anticiper et évaluer l’utilité dans la conception ergonomique des technologies émergentes : une revue”, Le travail humain, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 27–55, 2013.
150. [LUB 94] LUBART T.I., “Creativity”, in R.J. STERNBERG (ed.), Thinking and Problem Solving, Academic Press, New York, pp. 289–332, 1994.
151. [MA 15] MA F., “Information communication”, Synthesis Lectures on Information Concepts, Retrieval, and Services, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1–121, 2015.
152. [MAC 65] MACKINNON D.W., “Personality and the realization of creative potential”, American Psychologist, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 273–281, 1965.
153. [MAC 78] MACKINNON D.W., In Search of Human Effectiveness: Identifying and Developing Creativity, Creative Education Foundation, Buffalo, New York, 1978.
154. [MAG 06] MAGAKIAN J.-L., “La créativité à la croisée de trois démarches: fonctionnalisme, enactment, poétique”, Revue française de gestion, vol. 32, no. 161, pp. 155–167, 2006.
155. [MAR 09] MARTIN D.W., “Computer-assisted argument mapping: a rationale approach”, Higher Education, vol. 58, no. 6, p. 799, 2009.
156. [MAT 16] MATTHIEU F., HILLEN V., Le design thinking par la pratique: de la rencontre avec l’utilisateur à la commercialisation d’un produit innovant pour les seniors, Eyrolles, Paris, 2016.
157. [MAX 06] MAXANT O., ROUSSEL B., PIAT G., “C4 Innovation Method”, in CORSI P. et al. (eds), Innovation Engineering, the Power of Tangible Networks, ISTE, London, 2006.
158. [MCI 12] MCINTYRE P., “Constraining and enabling creativity: the theoretical ideas surrounding creativity, agency and structure”, The International Journal of Creativity and Problem Solving, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 43–61, 2012.
159. [MED 62] MEDNICK S., “The associative bias of the creative process”, Psychological Review, vol. 69, pp. 220–232, 1962.
160. [MEG 17] MEGAHED N.A., “Origami folding and its potential for architecture students”, The Design Journal, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 279–297, 2017.
161. [MER 95] MER S., JEANTET A., TICHKIEWITCH S., “Les objets intermédiaires de la conception: modélisation et communication”, Le communicationnel pour concevoir, pp. 21–41, 1995.
162. [MIC 16] MICHEL H., Jouez l’innovation: la méthode de cubification, Pearson, Paris, 2016.
163. [MIL 86] MILES L.D., Comment appliquer l’analyse de la valeur pour réduire vos coûts et améliorer la qualité des produits et des services, Éditions de l’entreprise, Strasbourg, 1986.
164. [MIL 16] MILLIER P., L’étude des marchés qui n’existent pas encore: une méthode spécifique et robuste pour lancer vos innovations, Eyrolles, Paris, 2016.
165. [MIS 01] MISA T.J., “The electric car and the burden of history”, Business History Review, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 207–210, 2001.
166. [MOO 96] MOORE J.F., The Death of Competition: Leadership & Strategy in the Age of Business Ecosystems, Harper Business, New York, 1996.
167. [NEL 02] NELSON R.R., WINTER S.G., “Evolutionary theorizing in economics”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 23–46, 2002.
168. [NOB 89] NOBLE D., HORST W., RITTEL J., Issue-Based Information Systems for Design, Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California, Berkeley, 1989.
169. [NON 97] NONAKA I., TAKEUCHI H., La connaissance créatrice: la dynamique de l’entreprise apprenante, De Boeck & Larcier, Brussels, 1997.
170. [NOV 08] NOVAK J.D., CAÑAS A.J., The theory underlying concept maps and how to construct them, Technical Report IHMC CmapTools 2006, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, 2008.
171. [OEC 05] OECD, Manuel d’Oslo: principes directeurs proposés pour le recueil et l’interprétation des données sur l’innovation technologique, Éditions de l’OECD, Paris, 2005.
172. [OHN 12] OHNO T., Taiichi Ohno’s Workplace Management: Special 100th. Birthday Edition, McGraw-Hill Professional, New York, 2012.
173. [OLD 96] OLDHAM G., CUMMINGS A., “Employee creativity: personal and contextual factors at work”, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 607–634, 1996.
174. [OSB 88] OSBORN A.F., Créativité : l’imagination constructive, Dunod, Paris, 1988.
175. [PIA 36] PIAGET J., La naissance de l’intelligence chez l’enfant, Delachaux et Niestlé, Lonay, 1936.
176. [PIR 16] PIROLLI F., “Une approche informationnelle de la médiation des savoirs dans les organisations : médiations documentaires et pratiques informationnelles”, Communication et Organisation, vol. 49, pp. 33–41, 2016.
177. [PRA 05] PRAX J.-Y., BUISSON B., SILBERZAHN P., Objectif : innovation : stratégies pour construire l’entreprise innovante, Dunod, Paris, 2005.
178. [PRO 05] PROCTOR T., Creative Problem Solving for Managers: Developing Skills for Decision Making and Innovation, Routledge, London, 2005.
179. [QUI 75] QUINTILIEN J.C., Institution Oratoire, Éditions Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 1975.
180. [RAD 13] RADJOU N., PRABHU J., AHUJA S., L’innovation Jugaad : redevenons ingénieux!, Éditions Diateino, Paris, 2013.
181. [RAD 15] RADJOU N., PRABHU J., L’innovation frugale : comment faire mieux avec moins, Éditions Diateino, Paris, 2015.
182. [RAY 03] RAYNAL S., Le management par projet, Éditions d’Organisation, Paris, 2003.
183. [RIC 96] RICHARDS C.W., “Agile manufacturing: beyond lean?”, Production and Inventory Management Journal, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 60–64, 1996.
184. [ROB 00a] ROBERT P., “Qu’est-ce qu’une technologie intellectuelle?”, Communication et langages, vol. 123, no. 1, pp. 97–114, 2000.
185. [ROB 00b] ROBINSON A., STERN S., L’entreprise créative, Éditions d’Organisation, Paris, 2000.
186. [ROB 05] ROBERT P., “De la communication à l’incommunication?”, Communication et langages, vol. 146, no. 1, pp. 3–18, 2005.
187. [ROB 06] ROBERT-DEMONTROND P., JOYEAU A., “Les paradigmes de l’invention : modes et méthodes de la création poétique et résonances managériales”, Management & Avenir, vol. 1, pp. 91–114, 2006.
188. [SAL 86] SALOMON J.J., SCHMEDER G., Les enjeux du changement technologique, Economica, Paris, 1986.
189. [SAV 17] SAVIGNAC E., The Gamification of Work: The Use of Games in the Workplace, ISTE Ltd., London and John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2017.
190. [SAY 06] SAYBOLD P.B., Outside Innovation: How Your Customers will Co-design Your Company’s Future, Harper Business, New York, 2006.
191. [SCH 34] SCHUMPETER J.A., The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest and the Business Cycle, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1934.
192. [SCH 81] SCHUDSON M., Discovering the News: A Social History of American News Papers, Basic Books, New York, 1981.
193. [SCH 87] SCHÜTZ A., “Sens commun et interprétation scientifique de l’action humaine”, in Le chercheur et le quotidien : Phénoménologie des sciences sociales, Méridiens Klinksieck, Paris, pp. 7–63, 1987.
194. [SCH 18] SCHARNITZKY P., Les paradoxes de la coopération : comment rendre le collectif (vraiment) intelligent, Eyrolles, Paris, 2018.
195. [SHA 99] SHAKER S.M., GEMBICKI M.P., WarRoom: Guide to Competitive Intelligence, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1999.
196. [SHE 07] SHEREHIY B., KARWOWSKI W., LAYER J.K., “A review of enterprise agility: concepts, frameworks, and attributes”, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 445–460, 2007.
197. [SIM 08] SIMON F., TELLIER A., “Créativité et réseaux sociaux dans l’organisation ambidextre”, Revue française de gestion, vol. 7, pp. 145–159, 2008.
198. [SIM 13] SIMON H.A., Administrative Behavior, 4th edition, Simon and Schuster, New York, 2013.
199. [SMI 64] SMITH J.-F., “Systematic serendipity”, Chemical & Engineering News, vol. 42, no. 35, pp. 55–56, 1964.
200. [SMI 90] SMITH G.J., VAN DER MEER G., “Creativity in old age”, Creativity Research Journal, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 249–264, 1990.
201. [SNY 03] SNYDER C., Paper Prototyping: The Fast and Easy Way to Design and Refine user Interfaces, Morgan Kaufmann, London, 2003.
202. [STA 99] STAR S.-L., “The ethnography of infrastructure”, American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 377–391, 1999.
203. [STA 10] STAR S.-L., “Ceci n’est pas un objet-frontière !”, Revue d’anthropologie des connaissances, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 18–35, 2010.
204. [STO 06] STOELTZLEN N., ROUSSEL B., VALLETTE T., “Innovative collective process around graphic intermediate representation in the early stage of the design process: toward a conceptual framework to improve the collective exploration of innovation”, Journal of Design Research, Special Issue: Fostering Innovation During Early Informal Design Phases, vol. 6, nos 1–2, pp. 1–25, 2006.
205. [SUI 08] SUIRE R., VICENTE J., “Théorie économique des clusters et management des réseaux d’entreprises innovantes”, Revue française de gestion, vol. 4, pp. 119–136, 2008.
206. [SUL 03] SULL D.N., Revival of the Fittest: Why Good Companies Go Bad and How Great Managers Remake Them, Harvard Business Press, Boston, 2003.
207. [SWA 06] SWAFFORD P.M., GHOSH S., MURPHY N.N., “A framework for assessing value chain agility”, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 118–140, 2006.
208. [SWI 04] SWINERS J.-L., BRIET J.-M., L’intelligence créative au-delà du brainstorming, Maxima, Paris, 2004.
209. [TAK 10] TAKEFUMI M., Gunpei YOKOI : vie et philosophie du dieu des jouets Nintendo, Pix’n love Éditions, Houdan, 2010.
210. [TRO 06] TROMMETTER M., “La propriété intellectuelle dans les biotechnologies agricoles : quels enjeux pour quelles perspectives?”, Reflets et perspectives de la vie économique, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 37–48, 2006.
211. [TUF 01] TUFTE E.R., The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, Graphics Press, Cheshire, 2001.
212. [URB 97] URBAN G.L., HAUSER J.-R., QUALLS W.J. et al., “Information acceleration: validation and lessons from the field”, Journal of Marketing Research, vol. 34, pp. 143–153, 1997.
213. [UTT 75] UTTERBACK J.M., ABERNATHY W.J., “A dynamic model of process and product innovation”, Omega, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 639–656, 1975.
214. [UZZ 05] UZZI B., SPIRO J., “Collaboration and creativity: the small world problem”, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 111, no. 2, pp. 447–504, 2005.
215. [VAD 96] VADCARD P., Aide à la programmation de l’utilisation des outils en conception de produits, PhD thesis, École nationale supérieure d’arts et métiers, Paris, 1996.
216. [VER 10] VERCHERE C., ANJEMBE E., “De la difficulté de fabriquer des objetsfrontières”, Revue d’anthropologie des connaissances, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 36–64, 2010.
217. [VER 16] VERMA S., CHAUHAN K., PRASAD S.K., “Agility in supply chain and its impact: automobile sector”, International Journal of Research in IT and Management, vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 1–21, 2016.
218. [VIN 94] VINCK D., “La normalisation au coeur des réseaux de recherche”, Culture Technique, vol. 29, pp. 167–181, 1994.
219. [VIN 96] VINCK D., JEANTET A., LAUREILLARD P., “Objects and other intermediaries in the sociotechnical process of product design: an exploratory approach”, in PERRIN J., VINCK D. (eds), The Role of Design in the Shaping of Technology, vol. 5, pp. 297–320, 1996.
220. [VIN 09] VINCK D., “De l’objet intermédiaire à l’objet-frontière”, Revue d’anthropologie des connaissances, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 51–72, 2009.
221. [VIS 05] VISSER W., The Cognitive Artifacts of Designing, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2005.
222. [VIS 09] VISSER W., “Design as construction of representations”, Collection Art + Design & Psychology, no. 2, pp. 29–43, 2009.
223. [WAL 26] WALLAS G., The Art of Thought, Harcourt, Brace & Company, New York, 1926.
224. [WHY 16] WHYTE J., TRYGGESTAD K., COMI A., “Visualizing practices in project-based design: tracing connections through cascades of visual representations”. Engineering Project Organization Journal, vol. 6, nos 2–4, pp. 115–28, 2016.
225. [WIN 75] WINNICOTT D., Jeu et réalité, Gallimard, Paris, 1975.
226. [WOE 12] WOERTHER F., Hermagoras, fragments et témoignages, Éditions Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 2012.
227. [WOL 09] WOLTON D., Informer n’est pas communiquer, CNRS, Paris, 2009.
228. [WOO 93] WOODMAN R.W., SAWYER J.E., GRIFFIN R.W., “Toward a theory of organizational creativity”, The Academy of Management Review, vol. 18, pp. 293–321, 1993.
229. [YUS 02] YUSUF Y., GUNASEKARAN A., “Agile manufacturing : taxonomy of strategic and technological imperatives”, International Journal of Production Research, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 1357–1385, 2002.
230. [ZAR 96] ZARIFIAN P., Travail et communication. Essai sociologique sur le travail dans la grande entreprise industrielle, PUF, Paris, 1996.
231. [ZIM 18] ZIMMER T., Le renseignement humain à l’ère numérique, intelligence économique et espionnage : vous manipule-t-on pour obtenir des informations?, VA Éditions, Versailles, 2018.
232. [ZWI 14] ZWINGELSTEIN G., “Évaluation de la criticité des équipements – Méthodes d’exploitation des jugements d’experts”, Techniques de l’ingénieur, pp. 1–31, 2014.