Cover
1 Overview and Present Status of Reinforced Polymer Composites
1. 1.1 Introduction
2. 1.2 FRPCs
3. 1.3 FRPCs Applications and Future Prospects
4. 1.4 Conclusion
5. References
2 Fabrication of Short Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
1. 2.1 Introduction
2. 2.2 Challenges with Composite Materials
3. 2.3 Preprocessing of Natural Fibers and Polymeric Matrix
4. 2.4 Processing of Polymeric Matrix Composites
5. 2.5 Conclusions
6. References
3 Fabrication of Composite Laminates
1. 3.1 Introduction
2. 3.2 Fabrication Processes
3. 3.3 Conclusions
4. References
4 Processing of Polymer‐Based Nanocomposites
1. 4.1 Introduction
2. 4.2 Classification of Nanomaterials
3. 4.3 Fabrication Techniques of Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites
4. 4.4 Future Perspective and Challenges
5. Acknowledgment
6. References
5 Advances in Curing Methods of Reinforced Polymer Composites
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 Curing Method
3. 5.3 Thermal Curing of FRPC
4. 5.4 Radiation Curing of FRPCs
5. 5.5 Conclusion
6. References
6 Friction and Wear Analysis of Reinforced Polymer Composites
1. 6.1 Introduction
2. 6.2 Results and Discussion
3. 6.3 Conclusions
4. References
7 Characterization Techniques of Reinforced Polymer Composites
1. 7.1 Introduction
2. 7.2 Fiber Reinforced Polymers
3. 7.3 Characterization of FRPs
4. 7.4 Chemical Characterization
5. 7.5 Physical Characterization
6. 7.6 Mechanical Characterization
7. 7.7 Thermal Characterization
8. 7.8 Durability Characterization
9. 7.9 Conclusion
10. References
8 Detection of Delamination in Fiber Metal Laminates Based on Local Defect Resonance
1. 8.1 Introduction
2. 8.2 Local Defect Resonance Based Nondestructive Evaluation
3. 8.3 Super‐Harmonic and Subharmonic Excitation in Fiber Metal Laminates
4. 8.4 Detection of LDR Frequency Using Bicoherence Analysis
5. 8.5 Concluding Remarks
6. References
9 Secondary Processing of Reinforced Polymer Composites by Conventional and Nonconventional Manufacturing Processes
1. 9.1 Introduction
2. 9.2 Secondary Processing of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites by Conventional Machining
3. 9.3 Secondary Processing of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites by Nonconventional Machining
4. 9.4 Concluding Remarks
5. References
10 Hybrid Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites: Mechanical Strength Characterization and Life Assessment
1. 10.1 Introduction
2. 10.2 Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs)
3. 10.3 Environmental Degradation of PMCs
4. 10.4 Life Assessment of PMCs
5. 10.5 Conclusions
6. References
11 Fire Performance of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Composites
1. 11.1 Introduction
2. 11.2 Flammability Aspects and Thermal Properties of Natural Fibers and Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Composites
3. 11.3 Fire Retardants
4. 11.4 Flame Retardants
5. 11.5 Fire Performance for Usability as Materials in Transportation
6. 11.6 Fire Performance for Usability as Building Materials
7. 11.7 Summary
8. References
12 Post Life Cycle Processing of Reinforced Thermoplastic Polymer Composites
1. 12.1 Introduction
2. 12.2 Polymer Composites
3. 12.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
4. 12.4 LCA Studies on Bio‐composites
5. 12.5 LCA Limitations
6. 12.6 Conclusions
7. Acknowledgment
8. References
13 Reprocessing and Disposal Mechanisms for Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
1. 13.1 Introduction
2. 13.2 Reprocessing or Recycling Methods of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
3. 13.3 Mechanical Recycling
4. 13.4 Chemical Recycling
5. 13.5 Hydrolytic Degradation of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite
6. 13.6 Photodegradation of Polymer Composite
7. 13.7 Biodegradation of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
8. 13.8 Conclusion
9. References
Index
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List of Tables

Chapter 1
1. Table 1.1 Matrix and reinforcement materials used in reinforced polymer composit...
2. Table 1.2 Primary and secondary processing methods for FRPCs.
3. Table 1.3 Applications of reinforced polymer composites.
Chapter 2
1. Table 2.1 Natural fibers vs. synthetic fibers [2–5].
2. Table 2.2 Surface modification techniques.
3. Table 2.3 Comparison of processing techniques.
4. Table 2.4 Fabrication techniques.
5. Table 2.5 Mechanical properties of injection molded composites.
Chapter 5
1. Table 5.1 Advantages and disadvantages of autoclave curing.
2. Table 5.2 Advantages and disadvantages of induction curing.
3. Table 5.3 Advantages and disadvantages of induction curing.
4. Table 5.4 Effect of curing techniques parameters on properties of polymer compos...
5. Table 5.5 Advantage and disadvantage with US curing.
6. Table 5.6 Applications according to the EB intensity.
7. Table 5.7 EB curing advantages and disadvantages.
8. Table 5.8 UV curing advantages and disadvantages.
Chapter 6
1. Table 6.1 Wears testing of polymer materials.
Chapter 8
1. Table 8.1 Specification of the GLARE model.
2. Table 8.2 Material properties of the GLARE model.
3. Table 8.3 Material properties.
Chapter 10
1. Table 10.1 Properties of AW106 resin/ HV053U hardener [26].
2. Table 10.2 Elemental contribution characterized by EDS.
3. Table 10.3 Life assessment of composites.
4. Table 10.4 Relative exploration of life predictions.
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1 Characteristics of thermoplastics starch.
2. Table 12.2 Natural fiber and thermoplastic matrix used in applications.
3. Table 12.3 LCA of common impact and damage categories.
4. Table 12.4 ISO/TR 14047 (2003) environmental impact classification fact...
Chapter 13
1. Table 13.1 Recycling of natural fiber reinforced polymer composite.
2. Table 13.2 Biodegradability study of fiber reinforced polymer composites.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 Development stages of FRPs.
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 Classification of composite materials.
2. Figure 2.2 Classification of natural fibers.
3. Figure 2.3 Classification of polymer matrix composites.
4. Figure 2.4 Schematic of extrusion setup.
5. Figure 2.5 Processing techniques of polymer‐based composites.
6. Figure 2.6 Injection molding process.
7. Figure 2.7 Important processing parameters during injection molding proces...
8. Figure 2.8 Processing window for injection molding process.
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Composite laminate.
2. Figure 3.2 Hand lay‐up process.
3. Figure 3.3 Filament winding process.
4. Figure 3.4 Compression molding process.
5. Figure 3.5 Vacuum bagging process.
6. Figure 3.6 Resin transfer molding process.
7. Figure 3.7 Pultrusion process.
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 Illustration of damage development in the multiscale glass fabr...
2. Figure 4.2 Schematic diagram of crack propagation mechanism of GNP/TRGO an...
3. Figure 4.3 Vibracell ultrasonic processor for fabrication of nano‐TiO₂ enh...
4. Figure 4.4 Schematic diagram of fabrication method of nanocomposite lamina...
5. Figure 4.5 FESEM image of nano‐TiO₂ particles (a) shape, (b) intensity ver...
6. Figure 4.6 Three filling configurations of ceramics particles in ceramic/p...
7. Figure 4.7 Schematic of filler dispersion in the epoxy matrix and fabricat...
8. Figure 4.8 Schematic diagram showing clay modification and intercalation o...
9. Figure 4.9 Schematic diagram of three main types of layered silicates in p...
10. Figure 4.10 Organoclay dispersion and exfoliation during melt processing....
11. Figure 4.11 Fabrication technique for GO/OPBI composites.
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 Curing of resin.
2. Figure 5.2 Classification of curing techniques.
3. Figure 5.3 Conventional and advanced curing application.
4. Figure 5.4 Autoclave curing.
5. Figure 5.5 Curing curves for different resin and carbon fibers [9–11].
6. Figure 5.6 Variation of temperature across thickness.
7. Figure 5.7 Principle of induction curing.
8. Figure 5.8 Use of induction heating in the field of polymer composites.
9. Figure 5.9 Layout diagram of the working principle of resistance curing.
10. Figure 5.10 Schematic diagram of microwave curing. (a) Before microwave cu...
11. Figure 5.11 Ultrasonic curing of laminates.
12. Figure 5.12 Radiation curing of higher thickness composites laminates.
13. Figure 5.13 Layer by layer UV curing in filament winding.
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 (a) Wear caused due to deformation and adhesion, (b) contact po...
2. Figure 6.2 Wear due to (a) adhesion, (b) abrasion, and (c) fatigue.
3. Figure 6.3 Wear rates of polymers that include ceramics for comparison at ...
4. Figure 6.4 Types of contact in a tribological test.
5. Figure 6.5 Schematic diagram of pin on disc.
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 Material science tetrahedron illustrating the relationship amon...
2. Figure 7.2 Levels of characterization.
3. Figure 7.3 (a) Modes of interaction of light with sample, (b) schematic of...
4. Figure 7.4 Typical XRD curve for polypropylene.
5. Figure 7.5 Schematics of microscope: (a) Transmission, (b) reflection.
6. Figure 7.6 Characterization size regime for different microscopic techniqu...
7. Figure 7.7 Presence of voids in FRP structure.
8. Figure 7.8 Typical structure of hardness tester.
9. Figure 7.9 Shore hardness tester (durometer).
10. Figure 7.10 Modes of roughness measurement (a) contact type, (b) noncontac...
11. Figure 7.11 Tensile testing of FRP composites.
12. Figure 7.12 Compressive testing of FRP composites.
13. Figure 7.13 Flexural testing of FRP composites (a) three point bending, (b...
14. Figure 7.14 Impact testing of FRP composite specimen.
15. Figure 7.15 Shear testing of FRP composites.
16. Figure 7.16 Creep testing of FRP composites.
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 Schematic of a defect in the form of flat bottom hole.
2. Figure 8.2 Schematic of GLARE plate with circular delamination at the (a) ...
3. Figure 8.3 (a) 3D model and (b) meshing of the GLARE plate consisting of d...
4. Figure 8.4 Frequency vs. displacement of the GLARE plate with delamination...
5. Figure 8.5 Nonlinear LDR effects of the GLARE model with delamination at t...
6. Figure 8.6 Nonlinear LDR effects of the GLARE model with delamination at x
7. Figure 8.7 Non‐redundant zone of the bispectral plane known as the primary...
8. Figure 8.8 Schematicof the circular FBH model.
9. Figure 8.9 Frequency spectrum of the output signal showing maximum amplitu...
10. Figure 8.10 Variation of normalized frequency with DFT length in the case ...
11. Figure 8.11 Bicoherence plot of the receiver signal showing second order h...
12. Figure 8.12 In the case of circular FBH at the center (a) steady state ana...
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 (a) Peel up delamination and (b) push down delamination.
2. Figure 9.2 Core drill bit for drilling of composites.
3. Figure 9.3 Delamination of hole drilled with (a) Twist drill, (b) candle s...
4. Figure 9.4 Delamination factor with variation in cutting speed: (a) V = 16...
5. Figure 9.5 Different drill geometries for machining (a) four facet, (b) pa...
6. Figure 9.6 SEM micrographs of GFRP machined by milling.
7. Figure 9.7 SEM micrograph of hole drilled with CD and RUM.
8. Figure 9.8 SEM micrograph of hole machined with (a) conventional machining...
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Schematic representation of the fabrication process [1].
2. Figure 10.2 (a) SEM of normal composite at 100× ; (b) SEM of hybrid compos...
3. Figure 10.3 Composite without SiC as reinforcement.
4. Figure 10.4 (a) Tensile strength vs. weight fraction of SiC, (b) compressi...
5. Figure 10.5 EDS mapping analysis of composite reinforced with SiC particle...
6. Figure 10.6 Experimental decrease in (a) tensile strength, (b) compressive...
7. Figure 10.7 Periodic decay in tensile strength under (a) acidic solution, ...
8. Figure 10.8 Composite dipped in acidic solution.
9. Figure 10.9 Composite dipped in saline solution.
10. Figure 10.10 Composite dipped in distilled water.
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 Distribution of articles on the basis of subject area. Source:...
2. Figure 11.2 Number of publications with year. Source: http://wc...
3. Figure 11.3 Regional distribution of the articles published aro...
4. Figure 11.4 Distribution of articles on the basis of universities. Source:...
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 Bio‐composites classification.
2. Figure 12.2 LCA procedure according to ISO 14040.
3. Figure 12.3 Material flow of forward and reverse supply loop in a product ...
4. Figure 12.4 System boundary of cradle‐to‐gate model for manufacturing natu...
5. Figure 12.5 System boundaries of bamboo and flax fiber.
6. Figure 12.6 Schematic production flow chain of PLA biopolymer from cultiva...
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 Different recycling techniques of fiber reinforced polymer com...
2. Figure 13.2 Flow diagram of mechanical recycling.
3. Figure 13.3 Different chemical reactions of chemical recycling.

Copyright

Editors

Prof. Pramendra K. Bajpai

Netaji Subhas University of Technology

Division of Manufacturing Processes and AutomationEngineering

Azad Hind Fauz Marg

Sector 3

Dwarka

110078 New Delhi

India

Prof. Inderdeep Singh

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

Haridwar Highway

Roorkee

247667 Uttarakhand

India

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Processing, Characterization and Post Life Cycle Assessment